Jose de San Martin Knight of the Andes

José de San Martín -- The Knight of the Andes

One of the principal liberators of South America from Spanish rule was Jose de San Martin. He is also known as Argentina's liberator, and was one of the principal
revolutionary fighters against royalist forces in South America. He was a master of military strategy, a skill which led him to success. San Martin became a national
hero in many South American countries, particularly in Argentina, where he also had strong personal ties, as he was born there, and enforced his ties by later
marrying an Argentine. In this paper, I will discuss the biography of San Martin, a person who made important history in colonial America.

Jose de San Martin was born on February 25, 1778 in Yapey'u, located in the viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata', which is now known as eastern Argentina. His mother
was Gregoria Matorras, and his father was Juan de San Martin, a professional soldier and government administrator of Yapey'u. In 1784, when San Martin was six
years old, the family returned to Spain, where he was educated at the "Seminario de Nobles" from 1785 until 1789. He started his military career early in the Murcia
infantry regiment (South Eastern Spain). He served as an army officer against the forces of Napoleon between 1808 and 1811.

Even though San Martin was loyal towards his mother country (Spain) when he fought against Napoleon, he disliked the traditional absolute monarchy and the
existing colonial system. In 1811, he decided to resign from Spanish service. After meeting revolutionary Spanish Americans in London, England, he sailed for
Buenos Aires, and was almost immediately taken into service in the revolutionary regime. As a very experienced soldier, he was a great asset in the revolutionary
movement in South America.

Upon his arrival in Buenos Aires in March 1812, he was given the task of organizing an armed force to be used against the Spanish royalists in Peru. These royalists
were threatening the government of Argentina, thus endangering the opposition movement in the country. San Martin appears to have always felt that he was tied to
the country he was born. He "Reinforced these ties when he married Maria de los Remedios Escalada in September, 1812." Maria came from an Argentine
upper-class family of Spanish blood. He became more involved in internal politics of the area by helping to form the "Lautaro Lodge", which was an underground
movement which later aligned itself with the opposition to the government that was in power. The organization that the "Lautaro Lodge" was aligned with was the
"First Triumvirate", which was led by Bernardino Rivadvia. The political objectives of the two aligned organizations were however quite different, as Rivadavia was
interested in Buenos Aires on a local level, and the Lautaro Lodge's main mission was to liberate Spanish America from a broader perspective. These differences
created a split in the coalition, and in December 1812, Rivadavia was overthrown.

In February 3, 1813, San Martin entered his first battle in South America, and managed to defeat a royalist force that came up the "Parana River". In 1813, the
government in Buenos Aires sent him to the Northern provinces of Argentina, in the purpose of stabilizing and strengthen the anti royalist movement over there.
Unfortunately, his efforts were cut short due to his weakening health. In the middle of 1814, he had to briefly retire for rest. That gave him ample time to make
strategic plans, that would facilitate his main objective of overthrowing the royalists in Peru. He believed that the best way to accomplish his plans was to enter Peru
through the mountains of Upper Peru. This was the most direct way, but also the most difficult, due to the physical structure of the Andes. Another, a perhaps more
promising route would be to move towards the west, from Argentina to Chile, and by sea to the "Peruvian coast".

San Martin started to prepare his plans, and by asking for reassignment to the governor-ship of Cuyo, which was located at the foot of the Andes in western
Argentina, he was able to design his plans. In 1816, representatives of the Argentine provinces met at the Congress of Tucuman, "San Martin chose the side of an
outright declaration of independence from Spain, which the congress issued on July 9." He believed that a liberal-constitutional monarchy was the best hope for
stability in the new nations of Spanish America.

In January 1817, he started to cross the Andes. He led his army 15,000 feet above sea level, a feat that has been compared to Hannibal's crossing of the Alps. His
force consisted of about 3,000 infantry soldiers, and 250 artillery troops. By winning the battle of Maipu in April 5, 1818, royalists in Chile were defeated. Later that
year, San Martin was offered the supreme dictatorship of Chile, but he did not accept it in favor of his friend O'Higgins. Chilean, Bernado O'Higgins, became a close
partner to San Martin in their struggle of creating independent American kingdoms. Tired of the use of military force, San Martin now tried to negotiate with the
royalists, and hoped that they would accept a peaceful settlement. He proposed that Peru should be converted into an independent monarchy. The negotiations led
to nothing. The use of military force was now inevitable, and instead of attacking Peru by land, he devised a sea strike, coordinated with rebel Chilean troops. With
control of the seas, his army easily conquered Peru, and entered Lima in 1821. San Martin formally declared the independence of Peru on July 28, 1921, and
became the "Protector of Peru". He did not take power, instead he met with fellow liberator Simon Bolivar at Guayquil in 1822, and Bolivar persuaded him to
withdraw from Peru. They both disagreed on the type of government that was to be formed, but they were both committed to South American independence, and
were both willing to continue the revolution. On September 20, 1822, San Martin reassigned his military command in Peru, and went into voluntary exile in Europe.
He went back to Argentina, and in 1824, a year after that his wife died, he took off for Europe with his daughter.

In the end of 1828, he decided to go back to America. He wanted to see if he had anything to contribute to the internal peace between the new nations. He returned
to Europe in 1829, after that he decided that he would not be to much help. After this, he lived as a retired man mainly in France. However, he was not totally
inactive, as he "gave moral support to the defenders of American sovereignty." Jose de San Martin died in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France on August 17, 1850.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rock, David. Argentina, 1516-1982: from Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. Berkeley; University of California Press, 1985 (304)

Olson, James S. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975. New York; Greenwood Press, 1992 (550)

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography. New York; McGraw-Hill Book co., 1973 (382)

Olson, James S. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975. New York; Greenwood Press, 1992 (551)

Rock, David. Argentina, 1516-1982: from Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War. Berkeley; University of California Press, 1985 (92)

Olson, James S. Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Empire, 1402-1975. New York; Greenwood Press, 1992 (552)

Argentina, a Country Study., US Government, Department of Defense, 3d Edition, 1985 (281)