The Plan de Ayala
(November 25, 1911)

                            Liberating Plan of the sons of the State of Morelos, affiliated with the Insurgent Army which defends the
                            fulfillment of the Plan of San Luis, with the reforms which it has believed proper to add in benefit of the
                            Mexican Fatherland.

                            We who undersign, constituted in a revolutionary junta to sustain and carry out the promises which the
                            revolution of November 20, 1910 just past, made to the country, declare solemnly before the face of the
                            civilized world which judges us and before the nation to which we belong and which we call [sic,
                            llamamos, misprint for amamos, love], propositions which we have formulated to end the tyranny which
                            oppresses us and redeem the fatherland from the dictatorships which are imposed on us, which
                            [propositions] are determined in the following plan:

                            1. Taking into consideration that the Mexican people led by Don Francisco I. Madero went to shed their
                            blood to reconquer liberties and recover their rights which had been trampled on, and not for a man to
                            take possession of power, violating the sacred principles which he took an oath to defend under the
                            slogan "Effective Suffrage and No Reelection," outraging thus the faith, the cause, the justice, and the
                            liberties of the people: taking into consideration that that man to whom we refer is Don Francisco I.
                            Madero, the same who initiated the above-cited revolution, who imposed his will and influence as a
                            governing norm on the Provisional Government of the ex-President of the Republic Attorney Francisco L.
                            de Barra [sic], causing with this deed repeated sheddings of blood and multiplicate misfortunes for the
                            fatherland in a manner deceitful and ridiculous, having no intentions other than satisfying his personal
                            ambitions, his boundless instincts as a tyrant, and his profound disrespect for the fulfillment of the
                            preexisting laws emanating from the immortal code of '57, written with the revolutionary blood of
                            Ayutla;

                            Taking into account that the so-called Chief of the Liberating Revolution of Mexico, Don Francisco I.
                            Madero, through lack of integrity and the highest weakness, did not carry to a happy end the revolution
                            which gloriously he initiated with the help of God and the people, since he left standing most of the
                            governing powers and corrupted elements of oppression of the dictatorial government of Porfirio Díaz,
                            which are not nor can in any way be the representation of National Sovereignty, and which, for being
                            most bitter adversaries of ours and of the principles which even now we defend, are provoking the
                            discomfort of the country and opening new wounds in the bosom of the fatherland, to give it its own
                            blood to drink; taking also into account that the aforementioned Sr. Francisco I. Madero, present
                            President of the Republic, tries to avoid the fulfillment of the promises which he made to the Nation in
                            the Plan of San Luis Potosí, being [sic, siendo, misprint for ciñendo, restricting] the above-cited
                            promises to the agreements of Ciudad Juárez, by means of false promises and numerous intrigues
                            against the Nation nullifying, pursuing, jailing, or killing revolutionary elements who helped him to
                            occupy the high post of President of the Republic;

                            Taking into consideration that the so-often-repeated Francisco I. Madero has tried with the brute force
                            of bayonets to shut up and to drown in blood the pueblos who ask, solicit, or demand from him the
                            fulfillment of the promises of the revolution, calling them bandits and rebels, condemning them to a war
                            of extermination without conceding or granting a single one of the guarantees which reason, justice,
                            and the law prescribe; taking equally into consideration that the President of the Republic Francisco I.
                            Madero has made of Effective Suffrage a bloody trick on the people, already against the will of the same
                            people imposing Attorney José M. Pino Suárez in the Vice-Presidency of the Republic, or [imposing as]
                            Governors of the States [men] designated by him, like the so-called General Ambrosio Figueroa,
                            scourge and tyrant of the people of Morelos, or entering into scandalous cooperation with the científico
                            party, feudal landlords, and oppressive bosses, enemies of the revolution proclaimed by him, so as to
                            forge new chains and follow the pattern of a new dictatorship more shameful and more terrible than that
                            of Porfirio Díaz, for it has been clear and patent that he has outraged the sovereignty of the States,
                            trampling on the laws without any respect for lives or interests, as has happened in the State of
                            Morelos, and others, leading them to the most horrendous anarchy which contemporary history
                            registers.

                            For these considerations we declare the aforementioned Francisco I. Madero inept at realizing the
                            promises of the revolution of which he was the author, because he has betrayed the principles with
                            which he tricked the will of the people and was able to get into power: incapable of governing, because
                            he has no respect for the law and justice of the pueblos, and a traitor to the fatherland, because he is
                            humiliating in blood and fire Mexicans who want liberties, so as to please the científicos, landlords, and
                            bosses who enslave us, and from today on we begin to continue the revolution begun by him, until we
                            achieve the overthrow of the dictatorial powers which exist.

                            2. Recognition is withdrawn from Sr. Francisco I. Madero as Chief of the Revolution and as President of
                            the Republic, for the reasons which before were expressed, it being attempted to overthrow this official.

                            3. Recognized as Chief of the Liberating Revolution is the illustrious General Pascual Orozco, the second
                            of the Leader Don Francisco I. Madero, and in case he does not accept this delicate post, recognition as
                            Chief of the Revolution will go to General Don Emiliano Zapata.

                            4. The Revolutionary Junta of the State of Morelos manifests to the Nation under formal oath: that it
                            makes its own the plan of San Luis Potosí, with the additions which are expressed below in benefit of the
                            oppressed pueblos, and it will make itself the defender of the principles it defends until victory or death.

                            5. The Revolutionary Junta of the State of Morelos will admit no transactions or compromises until it
                            achieves the overthrow of the dictatorial elements of Porfirio Díaz and Francisco I. Madero, for the
                            nation is tired of false men and traitors who make promises like liberators and who on arriving in power
                            forget them and constitute themselves as tyrants.

                            6. As an additional part of the plan we invoke, we give notice: that [regarding] the fields, timber, and
                            water which the landlords, científicos, or bosses have usurped, the pueblos or citizens who have the
                            titles corresponding to those properties will immediately enter into possession of that real estate of
                            which they have been despoiled by the bad faith of our oppressors, maintaining at any cost with arms in
                            hand the mentioned possession; and the usurpers who consider themselves with a right to them [those
                            properties] will deduce it before the special tribunals which will be established on the triumph of the
                            revolution.

                            7. In virtue of the fact that the immense majority of Mexican pueblos and citizens are owners of no more
                            than the land they walk on, suffering the horrors of poverty without being able to improve their social
                            condition in any way or to dedicate themselves to Industry or Agriculture, because lands, timber, and
                            water are monopolized in a few hands, for this cause there will be expropriated the third part of those
                            monopolies from the powerful proprietors of them, with prior indemnization, in order that the pueblos
                            and citizens of Mexico may obtain ejidos, colonies, and foundations for pueblos, or fields for sowing or
                            laboring, and the Mexicans' lack of prosperity and wellbeing may improve in all and for all.

                            8. [Regarding] The landlords, científicos, or bosses who oppose the present plan directly or indirectly,
                            their goods will be nationalized and the two third parts which [otherwise would] belong to them will go
                            for indemnizations of war, pensions for widows and orphans of the victims who succumb in the struggle
                            for the present plan.

                            9. In order to execute the procedures regarding the properties aforementioned, the laws of
                            disamortization and nationalization will be applied as they fit, for serving us as norm and example can
                            be those laws put in force by the immortal Juárez on ecclesiastical properties, which punished the
                            despots and conservatives who in every time have tried to impose on us the ignominious yoke of
                            oppression and backwardness.

                            10. The insurgent military chiefs of the Republic who rose up with arms in hand at the voice of Don
                            Francisco I. Madero to defend the plan of San Luis Potosí, and who oppose with armed force the present
                            plan, will be judged traitors to the cause which they defended and to the fatherland, since at present
                            many of them, to humor the tyrants, for a fistful of coins, or for bribes or connivance, are shedding the
                            blood of their brothers who claim the fulfillment of the promises which Don Francisco I. Madero made to
                            the nation.

                            11. The expenses of war will be taken in conformity with Article II of the Plan of San Luis Potosí, and all
                            procedures employed in the revolution we undertake will be in conformity with the same instructions
                            which the said plan determines.

                            12. Once triumphant the revolution which we carry into the path of reality, a Junta of the principal
                            revolutionary chiefs from the different States will name or designate an interim President of the
                            Republic, who will convoke elections for the organization of the federal powers.

                            13. The principal revolutionary chiefs of each State will designate in Junta the Governor of the State to
                            which they belong, and this appointed official will convoke elections for the due organization of the
                            public powers, the object being to avoid compulsory appointments which work the misfortune of the
                            pueblos, like the so-well-known appointment of Ambrosio Figueroa in the State of Morelos and others
                            who drive us to the precipice of bloody conflicts, sustained by the caprice of the dictator Madero and the
                            circle of científicos and landlords who have influenced him.

                            14. If President Madero and other dictatorial elements of the present and former regime want to avoid
                            the immense misfortunes which afflict the fatherland, and [if they] possess true sentiments of love for
                            it, let them make immediate renunciation of the posts they occupy and with that they will with
                            something staunch the grave wounds which they have opened in the bosom of the fatherland, since, if
                            they do not do so, on their heads will fall the blood and the anathema of our brothers.

                            15. Mexicans: consider that the cunning and bad faith of one man is shedding blood in a scandalous
                            manner, because he is incapable of governing; consider that his system of government is choking the
                            fatherland and trampling with the brute force of bayonets on our institutions; and thus, as we raised up
                            our weapons to elevate him to power, we again raise them up against him for defaulting on his promises
                            to the Mexican people and for having betrayed the revolution initiated by him, we are not personalists,
                            we are partisans of principles and not of men!

                            Mexican People, support this plan with arms in hand and you will make the prosperity and well-being of
                            the fatherland.

                            Ayala, November 25, 1911
                            Liberty, Justice, and Law
                            Signed, General in Chief Emiliano Zapata; Generals Eufemio Zapata, Francisco Mendoza, Jesús Morales,
                            Jesús Navarro, Otilio E. Montaño, José Trinidad Ruiz, Próculo Capistrán; Colonels Felipe Vaquero,
                            Cesáreo Burgos, Quintín González, Pedro Salazar, Simón Rojas, Emigdio Marmolejo, José Campos,
                            Pioquinto Galis, Felipe Tijera, Rafael Sánchez, José Pérez, Santiago Aguilar, Margarito Martínez,
                            Feliciano Domínguez, Manuel Vergara, Cruz Salazar, Lauro Sánchez, Amador Salazar, Lorenzo Vázquez,
                            Catarino Perdomo, Jesús Sánchez, Domingo Romero, Zacarías Torres, Bonifacio García, Daniel Andrade,
                            Ponciano Domínguez, Jesús Capistrán; Captains Daniel Mantilla, José M. Carrillo, Francisco Alarcón,
                            Severiano Gutiérrez; and more signatures follow. [This] is a true copy taken from the original. Camp in
                            the Mountains of Puebla, December 11, 1911. Signed, General in Chief Emiliano Zapata.